Oaths usually have referred to a deity significant in the cultural sphere in question. Divine oath Depiction of the legendary Swiss Rütli Oath taken by the representatives of the three founding cantons, declaring unity and freedom in eternal alliance Common to Celtic and Germanic, possibly a loan-word from one to the other, but the history is obscure and it may ultimately be non-Indo-European, in reference to careless invocations of divinity, from the late 12th century. The word comes from Anglo-Saxon āð judicial swearing, solemn appeal to deity in witness of truth or a promise," from Proto-Germanic *aiþaz (source also of Old Norse eiðr, Swedish ed, Old Saxon, Old Frisian eth, Middle Dutch eet, Dutch eed, German Eid, Gothic aiþs "oath"), from PIE *oi-to- "an oath" (source also of Old Irish oeth "oath"). "To swear" is a verb used to describe the taking of an oath, to making a solemn vow. Nowadays, even when there is no notion of sanctity involved, certain promises said out loud in ceremonial or juridical purpose are referred to as oaths. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to give an affirmation instead. Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð, also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. Henry Kissinger places his hand on a Hebrew Bible as he takes the oath of office as Secretary of State, 1973.
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